Electric motors are one of the most fundamental and indispensable components of modern technology. These devices convert electrical energy into mechanical motion, enabling countless applications. But how exactly do electric motors work?

The working principle of electric motors is based on magnetism and the laws of electromagnetic induction. A motor essentially consists of two main components: the stator (stationary part) and the rotor (rotating part). The stator is usually located on the outer part of the motor and contains permanent magnets or electromagnets. The rotor interacts with the stator’s magnetic field to produce rotational motion.

When electric current is applied to the stator, a magnetic field is generated. The direction and strength of this magnetic field depend on the characteristics of the current. Conductors on the rotor (windings or magnets) react to the stator’s magnetic field. The interaction between the magnetic field and the conductors produces a force called the Lorentz force, which applies torque to the rotor and initiates rotation.

The continuity of the magnetic field is critical for the efficient and smooth operation of electric motors. In direct current (DC) motors, the direction of the magnetic field is periodically reversed using a brush and commutator system. In alternating current (AC) motors, the magnetic field continuously changes direction due to the alternating current applied to the stator windings. This causes the rotor to follow the changing magnetic field, keeping it in continuous rotation.

The efficiency of electric motors depends on factors such as the quality of magnetic materials, winding resistance, air gap, and controllability of the magnetic field. Today, advanced motor control systems (inverters and drives) are used to optimize speed, torque, and energy efficiency.

In summary, electric motors operate through the interaction between magnetic fields and electric current. This simple yet effective principle forms the foundation of technologies that make our lives easier, from industrial machinery to electric vehicles, home appliances, and robotic systems.